Nutrition, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1979
Metabolic and Clinical Applications
Human Nutrition Series, Vol. 4

The science of nutrition has advanced beyond expectation since Antoine La­ voisier as early as the 18th century showed that oxygen was necessary to change nutrients in foods to compounds which would become a part of the human body. He was also the first to measure metabolism and to show that oxidation within the body produces heat and energy. In the two hundred years that have elapsed, the essentiality of nitrogen-containing nutrients and of proteins for growth and maintenance of tissue has been established; the ne­ cessity for carbohydrates and certain types of fat for health has been docu­ mented; vitamins necessary to prevent deficiency diseases have been identified and isolated; and the requirement of many mineral elements for health has been demonstrated. Further investigations have defined the role of these nutrients in metabolic processes and quantitated their requirements at various stages of development. Additional studies have involved their use in the possible prevention of, and therapy for, disease conditions.

1 The Hematopoietic System.- 1. Iron Deficiency.- 1.1. Iron Balance.- 1.2. Causes of Iron Deficiency.- 1.3. Effects of Iron Deficiency.- 1.4. Prevention of Iron Deficiency.- 2. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency.- 2.1. Vitamin B12: Normal Physiology.- 2.2. Causes of B12 Deficiency.- 2.3. Folates: Normal Physiology.- 2.4. Causes of Folate Deficiency.- 2.5. Effects of B12 and Folate Deficiency.- 2.6. Prevention of B12 and Folate Deficiency.- 3. Other Nutrient Deficiencies Affecting Hematopoiesis.- 3.1. Amino Acids.- 3.2. Vitamin C.- 3.3. Riboflavin.- 3.4. Copper.- 3.5. Vitamin E.- 3.6. Vitamin B6.- 3.7. Phosphorus.- 4. References.- 2 Nutritional Disorders of the Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thiamine Deficiency.- 2.1. Two Common Manifestations of Thiamine Deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff s Syndrome and Polyneuropathy.- 2.2. Pathogenesis.- 2.3. Therapy.- 3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency.- 4. Nutritional Amblyopia.- 4.1. Pathology.- 4.2. Pathogenesis.- 4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment.- 5. Niacin Deficiency.- 5.1. Pathology.- 5.2. Pathogenesis.- 5.3. Treatment.- 6. Pyridoxine.- 7. Folic Acid.- 8. References.- 3 Nutrition and the Musculoskeletal System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle.- 2.1. Atrophy.- 3. Cardiomyopathies—Myocardial Disease.- 3.1. Alcohol.- 3.2. Thiamine.- 3.3. Potassium and Magnesium.- 3.4. Iron-Deficiency Anemia.- 3.5. Idiopathic Cardiomyopathies.- 4. Nutrition and the Skeletal System (Bone).- 4.1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Vitamin D (D3), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphorus (PO4).- 4.2. Vitamin C Deficiency and Bone Formation.- 4.3. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease.- 4.4. Other Factors and Clinical Disorders.- 5. References.- 4 The Interaction between the Gastrointestinal Tract and Nutrient Intake.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Considerations.- 1.2. Definitions.- 1.3. Scope of the Chapter.- 2. Effects of Dietary Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- 2.1. Proteins.- 2.2. Carbohydrates.- 2.3. Essential Fatty Acids.- 2.4. Vitamins.- 2.5. Minerals.- 3. Effects of Gastrointestinal Disease on Nutrient Absorption and Utilization.- 3.1. Impairment of Dietary Carbohydrate.- 3.2. Impairment of Dietary Protein.- 3.3. Impairment of Dietary Lipid.- 4. References.- 5 Nutritional Effects of Hepatic Failure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dietary Intake.- 3. Digestion and Absorption.- 3.1. Alcoholism.- 3.2. Cirrhosis.- 4. Metabolism.- 4.1. Protein.- 4.2. Carbohydrate.- 4.3. Lipid.- 5. Vitamins.- 5.1. Storage.- 5.2. Metabolism.- 5.3. Increased Requirements.- 6. Minerals.- 6.1. Sodium.- 6.2. Potassium.- 6.3. Calcium.- 6.4. Phosphorus.- 6.5. Iron.- 6.6. Magnesium.- 6.7. Trace Minerals.- 7. References.- 6 Cardiac Failure.- 1. Physiology of Cardiac Failure.- 2. Signs, Symptoms, and Results of Cardiac Failure.- 3. Treatment of Cardiac Failure.- 3.1. Drugs.- 3.2. Importance of Sodium.- 3.3. Importance of Potassium.- 3.4. Fluid Intake.- 3.5. Protein.- 3.6. Calories.- 3.7. Minerals and Trace Elements.- 3.8. Vitamins.- 3.9. Alcohol.- 3.10. Coffee.- 3.11. Drug-Nutrition Interaction.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 7 The Relationship of Diet and Nutritional Status to Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Restricted or Excessive Dietary Intakes.- 2.1. Simple Dietary Restriction.- 2.2. Carbohydrate Restriction.- 2.3. Dietary Excess.- 3. Dietary Protein.- 3.1. Varying Levels of Dietary Protein.- 3.2. Protein Quality and Amino Acid Balance.- 4. Fat.- 4.1. Dietary Fat and Skin Cancer.- 4.2. Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer.- 4.3. Dietary Fat and Liver Cancer.- 4.4. Dietary Fat and Colon Cancer.- 4.5. Dietary Fat and Cancer in Other Organs.- 5. Carbohydrate.- 5.1. Sugar.- 5.2. Fiber.- 6. Vitamins.- 6.1. The B Vitamins.- 6.2. Vitamin A.- 6.3. Vitamin C.- 6.4. Vitamin E.- 7. Minerals.- 7.1. Iodine.- 7.2. Selenium.- 7.3. Copper.- 7.4. Zinc.- 8. References.- 8 Mutual Relationships among Aging, Nutrition, and Health.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Aging-Nutrition-Health Triad.- 1.2. Aging Defined.- 2. Physiologic Aging, Nutrition, and Health Promotion.- 2.1. Adolescence to the Cessation of Growth.- 2.2. Early Maturity.- 2.3. Middle Maturity.- 2.4. Late Maturity.- 2.5. Early Postretirement.- 2.6. Late Postretirement.- 2.7. Advanced Old Age.- 3. Eating and Aging.- 3.1. Distribution of Food Intake.- 3.2. Gourmet Chefs and Gourmet Diners.- 3.3. Food Preferences and Aging.- 3.4. Alcohol.- 3.5. Seasoning.- 3.6. Salt.- 3.7. Fiber.- 3.8. Artificial Sweeteners.- 3.9. Cholesterol.- 3.10. Fat.- 3.11. Carbohydrate.- 3.12. Protein.- 3.13. Dietary Supplements.- 4. Education: Prime Catalyst in Inducing Change.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 9 Effects of Organ Failure on Nutrient Absorption, Transportation, and Utilization: Endocrine System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diabetes Mellitus.- 2.1. Adult-Onset Diabetes.- 2.2. Growth-Onset or Juvenile Diabetes.- 2.3. Serum Lipid Disturbances in Diabetes.- 2.4. Sodium Consumption by Diabetics.- 2.5. Hypoglycemia.- 3. Vitamin D and Parathyroid Disorders.- 3.1. Disordered Calcium Metabolism in Chronic Renal Insufficiency.- 3.2. Vitamin-D-Deficiency Rickets.- 3.3. Vitamin-D-Resistant Rickets.- 4. Thyroid Disorders.- 4.1. Myxedema.- 4.2. Hyperthyroidism.- 5. Other Endocrine Disturbances with Nutritional Implications.- 6. References.- 10 Megavitamins and Food Fads.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Vitamins.- 2.1. The Meaning of Recommended Dietary Allowances.- 2.2. Vitamin C and the Common Cold.- 2.3. Vitamin C and the Healing of Wounds and Burns.- 2.4. Vitamin C and Back Trouble.- 2.5. Vitamin C and Heart Disease.- 2.6. Vitamin C and Cigarettes.- 2.7. Antiviral and Antibacterial Action of Vitamin C.- 2.8. Animals That Make Their Own Vitamin C.- 2.9. Vitamin Requirements of Domestic and Laboratory Animals..- 2.10. Vitamin C, Mental Alertness, and General Weil-Being.- 2.11. The Low Toxicity of Vitamins.- 2.12. Conclusion.- 3. Other Statements on U.S. Senate Bill S2801.- 4. Overdosage.- 4.1. Ascorbic Acid.- 4.2. Overdosage with Vitamins Other Than Ascorbic Acid.- 5. Nonvitamins Promoted as Vitamins by Health Food Stores.- 6. References.- 11 Effects of Ethanol on Nutritional Status.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Ethanol on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Liver.- 2.1. Stomach.- 2.2. Small Intestine.- 2.3. Pancreas.- 2.4. Bile Salts.- 2.5. Liver.- 3. Effects of Ethanol on Nutrient Metabolism.- 3.1. Carbohydrates.- 3.2. Protein.- 3.3. Amino Acids.- 3.4. Lipids.- 3.5. Uric Acid.- 3.6. Water-Soluble Vitamins.- 3.7. Fat-Soluble Vitamins.- 3.8. Iron.- 3.9. Minerals and Electrolytes.- 3.10. Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy.- 4. Nutritional Value of Alcoholic Beverages.- 5. Nutritional Status of Alcoholics.- 6. References.- 12 Infectious Diseases: Effects on Food Intake and Nutrient Requirements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nutritional Responses to Acute Febrile Infections.- 2.1. The Catabolic Response.- 2.2. Patterns of Catabolic Loss of Nutrients.- 2.3. Altered Gastrointestinal Function.- 2.4. The Role of Fever.- 2.5. Clinical Assessment of Catabolic Losses.- 2.6. The Anabolic Response to Acute Infection.- 2.7. The Key Central Role of the Liver in Metabolic Responses to Acute Infection.- 2.8. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 2.9. Lipid Metabolism.- 2.10. Vitamin Metabolism.- 2.11. Electrolyte Nutrition in Acute Infection.- 3. Nutritional Aspects of Chronic Infection.- 4. Nutrient Requirements during Infection.- 4.1. Beneficial Aspects of Host Nutritional Responses.- 4.2. Depletion of Host Nutrient Stores.- 4.3. Replacement of Host Nutrient Stores.- 4.4. Estimation of Nutrient Requirements.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 13 Obesity: Its Assessment, Risks, and Treatments.- 1. Definition and Diagnosis.- 1.1. Laboratory Techniques.- 1.2. Simple Tests.- 2. Adipose Tissue in Obesity.- 3. Risks.- 3.1. Cardiac Function.- 3.2. Hypertension.- 3.3. Diabetes.- 3.4. Renal Disease.- 3.5. Gallbladder Disease.- 3.6. Pulmonary Respiratory Diseases.- 3.7. Cutaneous Manifestations.- 3.8. Miscellaneous.- 3.9. Social.- 4. Treatment.- 4.1. Dietary Treatment.- 4.2. Drug Treatment.- 4.3. Surgical Procedures.- 4.4. Fasting.- 4.5. Psychoanalysis.- 4.6. Exercise.- 4.7. Behavior Modification.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 14 Nutrition and the Kidney.- 1. Kidney Function.- 1.1. Excretory Function.- 1.2. Endocrine Function.- 1.3. Metabolic Function.- 2. Interrelationships between Nutrients and Kidney Dysfunction.- 2.1. Water.- 2.2. Sodium.- 2.3. Potassium.- 2.4. Calcium.- 2.5. Phosphate.- 2.6. Magnesium.- 2.7. Trace Elements.- 3. Effects of Malnutrition on Renal Function.- 4. Urinary Tract Stones.- 4.1. General.- 4.2. Calcium.- 4.3. Struvite (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, Triple Phosphate Stones).- 4.4. Uric Acid.- 4.5. Cystine.- 4.6. Xanthine.- 5. Nephrotic Syndrome.- 6. Hypertension.- 7. Chronic Renal Failure.- 7.1. The Clinical and Metabolic Disorder.- 7.2. Wasting Syndrome.- 7.3. General Principles of Nutritional Therapy.- 7.4. Protein.- 7.5. Energy.- 7.6. Hyperlipidemia.- 7.7. Vitamins.- 7.8. Sodium and Water.- 7.9. Potassium.- 7.10. Phosphorus.- 7.11. Calcium.- 7.12. Magnesium,.- 7.13. Acidosis.- 7.14. Trace Elements.- 8. Acute Renal Failure.- 9. Parenteral Nutrition in Acute and Chronic Renal Failure.- 9.1. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).- 9.2. Intravenous Amino Acid Supplements.- 10. References.- Epilogue.